Istanbul's climate is typically characterized by a temperate maritime climate. This climate type is influenced by both the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara and has a significant impact on the city. Summers in Istanbul are hot and humid, while winters are cold and rainy. The spring and fall seasons are generally mild and are considered the most comfortable times to live in the city.
The summer months are hot, with July and August being the hottest months, with temperatures usually ranging between 28-30°C. However, high humidity can increase the temperature even more. In winter, temperatures can drop to around 0°C, but usually hover between 5-10°C. Although snowfall is common in the city during the winter months, there can be significant variations in the thickness and duration of snow each year. Temperatures are milder in the spring and fall, and it is more pleasant to live in the city during these periods.
The annual rainfall in Istanbul is approximately 800 mm. The most precipitation usually occurs in the winter months, while the summer months are relatively drier. In winter, precipitation is usually in the form of rain, with occasional severe storms. The spring and fall seasons are known for variable weather conditions, with frequent rain and cloudy skies.
Winds are another factor affecting Istanbul's climate. The city is known for its northerly and northeasterly winds, which can bring cold waves of air, especially in winter. In the summer months, breezes, usually from the north, bring coolness and freshness in the afternoon hours.
These climatic conditions in Istanbul also affect the city's social life and urban planning. For example, high humidity and heat in the summer months cause people to plan their daily activities earlier or later in the day. Cold and rainy days in winter increase the need for heating and can cause disruptions in urban transportation. The changing weather conditions in every season require constant adaptation for those living in Istanbul.